Look, I am still playing the game, but I am not playing their game.(Well maybe a little.)
Which is all about selling you a pup without you realising it's a pup,and then you buying another, even if you found out you were sold a pup before.
I wish I understood the mathematics better myself and could explain it as well to those who fall for the sales pitch, not that in many cases it would make a blind bit of difference.
The figures quoted in the upgrade section 85% here, seems a good bet, but is it? There is no guarantee of the preferred outcome.
Returning to the flipping a coin, just as in the upgrade ,each flip is independant of the last one, because to the coin there is no last one,and there is no last one to the upgrade either, the chance of pass or fail remains the same each time.
With the coin its heads or tails 50% chance, but if you want heads and keep getting tails, it doesn't mean the next time you will get the desired outcome, and if you don't ,that doesn't mean the coin's faulty or the quoted chance is wrong.
Also, I believe you are chasing miniscules of amount of benefit, there's a post about it somewhere on the forum which thought I did have saved, but can't find it.
You have some gear it's easy enough for you to test yourself, as I did,am doing, in connection to my post which turned into a 'rant' about old ideas in general, but in particular refernce to attacking invaders.
I fell for the 'must get all the best legendary hero experience gear' which I eventually did.
Recently I tested what each piece gives individually and then by adding one piece at a time,by the time you get to the last piece the advantage is much reduced and the total given, is no where near the sum of the individual pieces.
I can't believe it is any different for the other gear.
They know thhe carrot works, and they know there are players out there,rich enough to buy or acquire quickly anything they add in an upgrade.
The chance of failing sometimes, adds a bit of spice (game balance?)and the coffers filling.