Everything is the same like on FB there. so goods... The part with Coalition Mission rewards is the same but I guess you didn't have coalition chests till now. Basically, every time when one of your teammates buy/purchase something(some offer), everyone in the coalition will get the chest. Personally, I usually find some General equipment parts, but in those better chest, i get even drachma, army, dominion activators etc.

btw those equipment parts are not only those which you will break in 7-15min lol I collected 4 rare IV class (the strongest ones) thanks to these chests and my teammates.

1. The time will be reduced for a bit, depends on your embassy level. 

1 

 example on the photo when the embassy is at the highest level.

2. Just write coords of player or go to his city and find the option for urgent attack. You can write the little comment (let's say it like that) in where you can explain why this city and how/with what to attack for example. Also, you can pick it as the high priority which will have ( ! ) sign and it will be more visible for teammates. 

Also, there is the privilege, means that those with privilege can remove your request.

About resources, yes you can specify what and how much you need, but not with defense, you can make the only defensive call and add the comment like with offensive call.